Louis Daguerre, Inventor of Daguerreotype Photography

Louis Daguerre (November 18, 1787–July 10, 1851) was the inventor of the daguerreotype, the first form of modern photography. A professional scene painter for the opera with an interest in lighting effects, Daguerre began experimenting with the effects of light upon translucent paintings in the 1820s.  He became known as one of the fathers of photography. Fast Facts: Louis Daguerre Known For: Inventor of modern photography (the daguerreotype)Also Known As: Louis-Jacques-Mandà © DaguerreBorn: November 18, 1787 in Cormeilles-en-Parisis, Val-dOise, FranceParents:  Louis  Jacques  Daguerre, Anne Antoinette HauterreDied: July 10, 1851 in Bry-sur-Marne, FranceEducation: Apprenticed to  Pierre Prà ©vost, the first French panorama painterAwards and Honors:  Appointed an officer of the  Legion of Honour; assigned an annuity in return for his photographic process.Spouse: Louise Georgina Arrow-SmithNotable Quote: The daguerreotype is not merely an instrument which serves to draw Nature; on the contrary, it is a chemical and physical process which gives her the power to reproduce herself. Early Life Louis Jacques Mandà © Daguerre was born in 1787 in the small town of Cormeilles-en-Parisis, and his family then moved to Orlà ©ans. While his parents were not wealthy, they did recognize their sons artistic talent. As a result, he was able to travel to Paris and study with the panorama painter Pierre Prà ©vost. Panoramas were vast, curved paintings intended for use in theaters. Diorama Theatres In the spring of 1821, Daguerre partnered with Charles Bouton to create a  diorama  theatre. Bouton was a more experienced painter but he eventually bowed out of the project, so Daguerre acquired sole responsibility of the diorama theatre. The first diorama theatre was built in Paris, next to Daguerres studio. The first exhibit opened in July 1822 showing two tableaux, one by Daguerre and one by Bouton. This would become a pattern. Each exhibition would typically have two tableaux, one by each artist. Also, one would be an interior depiction and the other would be a landscape. The diorama was staged in a round room 12 meters in diameter that could seat up to 350 people. The room rotated, presenting a huge translucent screen painted on both sides. The presentation used special lighting to make the screen transparent or opaque. Additional panels were added to create tableaux with effects that could include thick fog, bright sun, and other conditions. Each show lasted about 15 minutes. The stage would then be rotated to present a second, completely different show. Diorama became a popular new medium and imitators arose. Another diorama theater opened in London, taking only four months to build. It opened in September 1823. Partnership With Joseph Nià ©pce Daguerre regularly used a camera obscura as an aid to painting in perspective, which led him  to think about ways to keep the image still. In 1826 he discovered the work of Joseph Nià ©pce, who was working on a technique for stabilizing images captured with the camera obscura. In 1832, Daguerre and Nià ©pce used a photosensitive agent based on lavender oil. The process was successful: they were able to obtain stable images in under eight hours. The process was called Physautotype. Daguerreotype After Nià ©pces death, Daguerre continued his experiments with the goal of developing a more convenient and effective method of photography. A fortunate accident resulted in his discovery that mercury vapor from a broken thermometer could speed the development of a latent image from eight hours to just 30 minutes. Daguerre introduced the daguerreotype process to the public on August 19, 1839, at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris. Later that year, Daguerre and Nià ©pces son sold the rights for the daguerreotype to the French government and published a booklet describing the process. The Daguerreotype Process, Camera and Plates The daguerreotype is a direct-positive process, creating a highly detailed image on a sheet of copper plated with a thin coat of silver without the use of a negative. The process required great care. The silver-plated copper plate had to first be cleaned and polished until the surface looked like a mirror. Next, the plate was sensitized in a closed box over iodine until it took on a yellow-rose appearance. The plate, held in a lightproof holder, was then transferred to the camera. After exposure to light, the plate was developed over hot mercury until an image appeared. To fix the image, the plate was immersed in a solution of sodium thiosulfate or salt and then toned with gold chloride. Exposure times for the earliest daguerreotypes ranged from 3-15 minutes, making the process nearly impractical for portraiture. Modifications to the sensitization process, coupled with the improvement of photographic lenses, soon reduced the exposure time to less than a minute. Although daguerreotypes are unique images, they could be copied by re-daguerreotyping the original. Copies were also produced by lithography or engraving. Portraits based upon daguerreotypes appeared in popular periodicals and in books. James Gordon Bennett, the editor of the New York Herald, posed for his daguerreotype at Bradys studio. An engraving based on this daguerreotype later appeared in the Democratic Review. Daguerreotypes in America American photographers quickly capitalized on this new invention, which was capable of capturing a truthful likeness. Daguerreotypists in major cities invited celebrities and political figures to their studios in the hopes of obtaining a likeness for display in their windows and reception areas. They encouraged the public to visit their galleries, which were like museums, in the hope that they would desire to be photographed as well. By 1850, there were more than 70 daguerreotype studios in New York City alone. Robert Cornelius 1839 self-portrait is the earliest extant American photographic portrait. Working outdoors to take advantage of the light, Cornelius (1809-1893) stood before his camera in the yard behind his familys lamp and chandelier store in Philadelphia, hair askew and arms folded across his chest, and looked off into the distance as if trying to imagine what his portrait would look like. Cornelius and his silent partner Dr. Paul Beck Goddard opened a daguerreotype studio in Philadelphia around May 1840 and made improvements to the daguerreotype process that enabled them to make portraits in a matter of seconds, rather than the three- to 15-minute window. Cornelius operated his studio for two and a half years before returning to work for his familys thriving gas light fixture business. Death Toward the end of his life, Daguerre returned to the Paris suburb of Bry-sur-Marne and resumed painting dioramas for churches. He died in the city at age 63 on July 10, 1851. Legacy Daguerre is often described as the father of modern photography, a major contribution to contemporary culture. Considered a democratic medium, photography provided the middle class with an opportunity to attain affordable portraits. The popularity of the daguerreotype declined in the late 1850s when the ambrotype, a faster and less expensive photographic process, became available. A few contemporary photographers have revived the process. Sources â€Å"Daguerre and the Invention of Photography.†Ã‚  Nicephore Niepce House Photo Museum.Daniel, Malcolm. â€Å"Daguerre (1787–1851) and the Invention of Photography.† In  Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.Leggat, Robert. A History of Photography  from Its Beginnings Till the 1920s.

Pop Art vs. Abstract Expressionism - 1854 Words

Pop Art vs. Abstract Expressionism †¢ Characteristics of Abstract Expressionist Paintings-optical buzz, all-over composition, Matisse sometimes painted images on large canvases, as did Picasso but paintings still retained an object like character- the viewer needed to stand back to see the complete composition. Abstract expressionist paintings, on the other hand, draw the spectator into them. The field of vision is thus larger than the field of vision of the spectator, who finds himself in a world beyond measurement (class handouts) Portable Mural Location- Generally, due to severity of totalitarian regimes of Europe, modernist artists were forced to flee Europe in order to continue their art. This meant a shift from the art capitol of†¦show more content†¦Aggressive and harsh, raw in colour, the texture thick and heavy as if it had been relentlessly worked and re-worked over again and again. Pictures dont have the delicacy of Pollocks. Shapes are vaguely suggestive , pressed together, brush strokes are dense (Hugh Honour Fleming, 1991) †¢ Mark Rothko- Abstract Expressionist paintings can be divided into two groups. That of the action painters and that of the colour-field painters. As melancholic and misanthropic as Pollok, killing himself in 1970. Understood that to paint a flat form painting destroyed illusion and revealed truth. He was very aware of the spiritual dimensions attainable in abstract art, some of his works being described as deeply religious. (Hugh Honour Fleming, 1991) Aim-to communicate with basic human emotions. To express tragedy, ecstasy, doom and so on. †¢ Origins and definition of Pop Art- Pop Art was a 20th century art movement that utilized the imagery and techniques of consumerism and popular culture as well as mass media and advertising †¢ Pop Art- defined as making impersonality a style by using the imagery of commercial art and other mass media sources. (Hugh Honour and John Fleming, 1991) Pop Art, a movement in the 1950s and 1960s, is based on popular culture and is concerned with such phenomena of modern life as commercial posters, packaged foods,Show MoreRelatedIwt Task 1 Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesversus Pop Art In this life, there are many forms of art or art â€Å"movements† to speak of. How we interpret art is a very subjective thing. What a person sees and feels when looking at art greatly depends on their upbringing, their values, and even their mood at the time of viewing. Could something dark and lacking color be art? What about a comic strip in the newspaper or the billboard down the street? Again, interpretation and taste in art is individual. I elected to explore into the two art movementsRead MoreA Range Of Artists And Their Works2006 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Artists who innovate and challenge existing conventions have an effect on the artworld as profound as an earthquake- they change the shape as of the art landscape†. Evaluate this statement with reference to a range of artists and their works. An earthquake is a ground shaking movement initiated by a sudden movement of rock in the Earth’s crust. These movements occur along faults, which are thin zones of crushed rock dividing blocks of crust. They are caused by stress that builds up over time asRead MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pages2304 squares. Informative Graphics: The Cartesian plane with its X and Y axis was designed in this period by Rene Descartes. Rococo: A style of architecture and art which is recognized by C and S curves, scroll work and floral designs. Often the work was symmetrical and in white and gold. â€Å"Japaned†: A style in which Japanese art and furniture is created and mass produced to reflect the oriental style, for an European market. Artists: Fournier le Jeune: A font designer and author who wrote

Sociology Interactive Quiz #1 Free Essays

Sociology Quiz #1: The Sociological Imagination 1. Which of the following is the BEST example of something that sociologists might study? – How wireless technology has enabled people in developing countries to communicate beyond their local communities. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Interactive Quiz #1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Anything that humans create or take notice of, that exerts influence or pressure on their behavior is termed a social force . Which of these is the BEST application of the concept, â€Å"sociological imagination†? – understanding the technology of cellular phones The sociologist who first identified â€Å"social facts† as the subject of sociology was Emile Durkheim . Things like norms for using cell phones, the cost of education, types of jobs that are the most available, and the fact that English is the dominant language spoken in the U. S. may seem very different from each other. But one thing they have in common is that Durkheim would consider all of them social facts. Peter Berger describes the â€Å"miracle of love† as being â€Å"somewhat synthetic. † What does he mean by this? – The process of finding a romantic partner is largely directed by social forces, as opposed to being purely individualistic. Which sociologist was the first to make the distinction between troubles and issues? C. Wright Mills A trouble is caused by a person’s personal difficulties or shortcomings. Mills called the ability to see the connection between personal circumstances and the social and historical context, or outside forces, the sociological imagination. Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between the individual and society? Individual troubles occur within and shaped by a particular historical and social context. The transition from muscle-driven, labor-intensive systems of production to mechanization and the use of power sources such as coal and water is called the Industrial Revolution.  Read also  Sociology and Social Integration. The period of rapid industrialization and colonial expansion that followed the Industrial Revolution is called the Age of Imperialism. The term â€Å"sociology† was first invented by Auguste Comte, who defined the new discipline as a positivist science that studies the results of the human intellect. According to Comte’s â€Å"Law of Three Stages,† society develops in three stages. The last, and superior stage, according to Comte, was based on using direct observation and the scientific method to understand the world. 15. Karl Marx was most interested in the effects of capitalism upon society. According to Marx, the primary cause of change in society is conflict. According to Emile Durkheim, the sociologist’s task is to analyze and explain solidarity within society. Durkheim explained rates of suicide in terms of social ties instead of an individual’s emotional state. An anomic state is one in which individual ties to the group are disrupted by a dramatic change in circumstances. Weber defined social action that is pursued because it was pursued in the past as traditional. According the Max Weber, the sociologist’s task is to analyze and explain – the reasons for, and the consequences of, social actions. A woman finds a wallet that contains a driver’s license, in addition to hundreds of dollars. Despite the fact that she is experiencing serious financial difficulties, the woman returns the wallet and all of the money. Weber would define returning the wallet as value-rational action. According to W. E. B. DuBois, the â€Å"strange meaning of being black† in America includes double consciousness , which he defined as the â€Å"sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of the others and measuring one’s self by the tape of the world. â€Å" In order to better understand how mobile phone technology impacts the culture of a Native American group, a group of sociology students arranges to live several months on a reservation, and participate in the community life of the Native American group. Which classical sociologists would be most likely to have suggested this strategy for conducting research? Jane Addams 25. The continuing extension of social relationships across borders, so that goods, services, money, people, technology and information all flow throughout the world, is referred to as globalization. How to cite Sociology Interactive Quiz #1, Papers

Equus free essay sample

This paper is a critique of the play Equus. This is an in-depth review of a production of the play Equus. It looks at every element involved in the production and execution of the play from the lighting, stage design, costumes, up to and including the level of the acting itself. The cold feeling was even emphasized by the actors. The actor that played Alan several times in the show wrapped his arms tightly against his body and rubbed them, like people do when they are cold. Alans father Frank Strang did a very good job seeming impersonal and distant to all of the other actors he encountered. The actors over all did a fairly good job, although in the beginning they did drop several lines. I was impressed at how well the actors in the horse costumes portrayed real horses. A horse tends to be moving a lot but with only subtle movements, and the actors did just that. We will write a custom essay sample on Equus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was also a great idea, in my opinion, to have cast come out of the audience because it in essence, bring the audience into the show.